THE STATE AND MANAGEMENT OF CONFLICT IN AFRICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL RECONCILIATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOMALIA
Abstract
The study examined state and management of conflict in Africa: implications for national reconciliation and development in Somalia. The study was guided by two objectives and guided by the political development theory of Lucian Pye. The study adopted ex-post facto research design and relied on secondary sources of data such as text books, journals and Internet materials. The data generated were examined and analyzed using ethnographic descriptive technique, and from there conclusion was reached. The findings showed that the war created suspicion among the populace and there was lack of trust on the government. It further showed that in addition to large refugees and migrants most youths had been radicalized by the armed groups, and many people had severely suffered as a result of the war. Based on the findings the study recommended that, the issue of reconciliation should be properly addressed by the government to ensure tolerance, trauma healing and transparent leadership necessary for development. Somalia’s government should give consideration for humanitarian reliefs to communities and persons that had suffered severely from the conflict. International organizations particularly, the African Union and the United Nations should support the government by assisting refugees and displaced persons to return home for productive life. It also recommended that the government should embark on de-radicalization of children and youths who were members of armed groups, and to demobilize and reintegrate combatants into peaceful and productive society. Through this means the armed groups would be denied the ideological victory they seek, and for development to take place.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdulkadir, S. (2012). Al-Shabab's impact on peace in Somalia and the Horn of Africa. Backgrounder No. 23. Africa Portalhttp://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/handle/ Accessed 12th June 2021
Achumba, I. C., Ighomereho, O. S. & Akpan-Robaro, M.O. M. (2013). Security challenges in Nigeria and the implications for business activities and sustainable development. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(2), 79-99
Agyeman-Duah, B.(2001). Catholic in West Africa: The context, causes and impact. Paper presented at the meeting of AECAWA-CERAO construction on the situation of unrest in West Africa. Kumasi, Ghana April 25 AAECAWA Publication
Aja, A. A. (2007). Basic concepts, issues and strategies of peace and conflict resolution: Nigeria-African conflict case studies. Enugu, Keny and Brothers Ent.
Aja, A. A. (1998). Fundamentals of modern political and international economic relations. Owerri, Data-Globe Nigeria
Ake, C. (1984). Parameters of Nigeria’s defense policy.In M.Vogt and S.C. Ukpabi, National Interest, National Security and Defense Policy, Minna: Tradoc.
Ake,C.(1981). Apolitical economy of Africa. Nigeria:Longman, Nigeria Plc
Alao, D.& Uwom, O. (2012). Terrorism in Nigeria: An analysis of North/South media coverage of Boko Haram (November 2011 to March 2012).International Review Business and Social Sciences Vol. 1 No. 8 (49-62). www.irbs.org ISBN: 2226-41124.
Anazodo, R. O., Igbokwe-Ibeto, C.J. & Nkah, B.C. (2015). Leadership, corruption and good governance in Nigeria: Issues and categorical imperatives. African Research Review http://www.ajol.info DOI:10.4314/afrrev.v912.4
Awodola, B. & Ayuba, C. (2015).Terrorism in Nigeria: The case of the Boko Haram. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy vol. 6 No 4 S2
Ayeni, Evans Oluwagbamila (2018)Political development theory, its criticism, and application.
Theories and models of public administration & development studies. In A.B Amadasun & D.O Salifu (Eds.)https://www.researchgate.net/publication accessed June 20, 2021
Bar-Tar, D. & Jacobson, D. (1998). Psychological perspective on security. Applied Psychology:An International Review 47, No.1:59-71
Beland, D. (2005). The political construction of collective insecurity: From moral panic to blame avoidance and organized irresponsibility. Center for European Studies Working Paper Series 126
Clapharm, C. (2004). The global politics of state decay, in Rotberg, Robert (ed.), When states fail: Causes and consequences. Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp. 77- 94
Country of Origin Information Report (2009) Somalia. Whitegift Centre Croydon, United Kingdom www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/country reports-html Accessed April 12, 2017
Dambach, C.(2011). President and CEO Alliance for peace building.
Ewetan, O. O. & Urhie, E. (2014). Insecurity and socio-economic development in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, ISSN 2201-4268 vol. 5, No. 1, pp 40-63
Faleti, S. A. (2006). Theories of social conflict. In Gaya-Best S.(ed.),Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Book
Francis, J.D. (2006) Peace and conflict studies: An African overview of basic concepts. In Gaya Best S. (ed.),Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. Ibadan, Spectrum Books
Fukuyama, F. (2004). State building: Governance and world order in the twenty-firstcentury. London: Profile Books
Gaya-Best S. (2006). (ed.),Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. Ibadan, Spectrum Books
http://www.ausaid.gov.au
Huntington, S. P. (1996). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of World Order. New
York: Simon and Schuster.
Ikelegbe, A. & Okumu, W. (2010).Introduction: Towards conceptualization and understanding of the threats of armed non-state groups to human security and the state in Africa. In lkelegbe, A. & Okumu, W. (Eds.), Militias, rebels and Islamist militants: Human insecurity and state crises in Africa. Tshwane (Pretoria), Institute for Security Studies, South Africa. Pp 1-44 www.issafrica.org Accessed June 15, 2021
Ikpe, P. C. & Allen, F. (2020). The dynamics of interest and child-soldiers in the fractured state of Somalia. In F. Allen (ed.), Journal of Political and Administrative Studies (JPAS), University of Port Harcourt, Vol.2 and 3. Port Harcourt: Next Generation Press
Mac-Ogono, C. (2014). The power of the republic vol.1. Owerri, Springfield Publisher UK
Marshal, G. (2002). Monty Global Terrorism: An Overview and Analysis, University of Maryland.Nigeria Tribune 30 Jan.
Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1932). Manifesto of theCommunist Party. New York: International Publishers Company
Menkhaus, K. (2004). Somalia: State collapse and the threat of terrorism. Adeiphi Paper 364. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Accessed July 11, 2019
Menkhaus, K. (2006). Governance without government in Somalia: Spoilers, state building and the politics of coping. International Security, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 74-106, AccessedAugust 292020
Milliken, I. & Krause, K. (2002). State failure, state collapse, and State reconstruction: Concepts, lessons and strategies. Development and Change, Vol. 33, Issue, 5, pp. 753
Mutunga, E. (2005). Gender and peace processes in Africa. In Gaya-Best (Ed.), Introduction to peace and conflict studies in West Africa. Ibadan, Spectrum books
Nnoli, O. (1980). Ethnic politics in Nigeria. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Company
Nnonyelu, N. A. (2009).Sociological insight. Ibadan, Spectrum Books
Ogbonnaya, U. M. & Ehigiamusoe, U. K. (2013). Niger Delta militancy and Boko Haram insurgency: National security in Nigeria. Global Security Studies, summer 2013, Volume 4, Issue 3 (1-14)
Okolie, A. M. (2005). Theoretical and practical notes on the Nigerian state. In E. A. Obi, et al (Eds.), State and economy. Onitsha: Bookpoint
Ozoh & Ugorji (2018). Impact of policy making and development in Nigeria. In O. Onwubiko (Ed.), A Multi-disciplinary Journal of the Federal Polytechnic Nekede Vol. 1 No.1. Owerri: Federal University of TechnologyOwerri (FUTO)
Pye, L. W. (1965). Political culture and political development. In L. W. Pye & S. Verba (eds.), Studies in Political Development. New Jersey: Princeton University Press
Sesay, A. A. (2014). Africa’s children and the prospects for sustainable peace and development: the critical role of education. In N. Panchanathan & A. Okpaga (Eds.), World Educators Forum Vol. 5 No 1
Unanka, G. O. (2004). Data analysis: Investigating the political and social world. Owerri, All- Ages
Uzoh, A. B. (2014). Peace and economic development of African nations. In N. Panchanathan & A. Okpaga (Eds.), World Educators Forum Vol. 5 No 1
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Paul C. Ikpe, Ugochukwu A. Opara
ISSN: 3027-0510 (Online)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.